The Role of Conservative States in Shaping International Drug Policy: A Preliminary Discussion of Malaysia and Singapore at the Commission on Narcotic Drugs
2025-06-12 , Posters Display 2

This poster presents preliminary results of a PhD research into the roles played by countries that adhere to the prohibitive regime of drug control in shaping the international drug policy discussions within the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) systems. The CND is the policy-making body of drug related-matters in the United Nations where countries and international organisations interact within the CND platforms to discuss and make decisions on international drug policies. A clear division between progressive/liberal States and traditionalist/conservative States is observed at the annual CND. This research takes on the case study approach to gain insights from the roles played by Malaysia and Singapore as two examples of countries with prohibitive drug control regime in working within the CND platforms. The research explores how these countries work in CND processes and how their interests are manifested in CND through in-depth examination via interviews with government and non-government actors; observation at the 68th CND; and documentary analysis. Preliminary results showed that policy actors are aware of the political nature of the CND processes and engage in negotiation tactics to preserve their national interests. They view that the CND is an important platform to report on drug control initiatives, to share experiences and to learn best practices from other countries. In this poster presentation, these preliminary findings will also be discussed from the lens of existing concepts of international drug policy-making and international relations. This research hopes to contribute to current understanding of how conservative states influence international drug policy through international institutions specifically, the CND.


Pamela Bong
PhD Candidate
Department of Criminology
University of Manchester
Email: pamela.bong@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk

I am a PhD student in criminology at the University of Manchester, UK. I am interested in the research area related to drug policy, particularly on the relationship between international drug policy, national drug policy and criminal justice practices. My research project focuses on understanding the processes involved in international drug policy-making through the study of interaction of inter-governmental systems in the international drug policy debates. Through a case study approach on Malaysia and Singapore, I seek to explain the roles of countries with traditional drug policies at the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Currently on my study leave, I have served 14 years in the Malaysian public service in which close to 8 years were spent in drug policy.