This paper recalls the essential concern about people with disabled limbs who have difficulties moving around by themselves. Furthermore, with the COVID-19’s impact, hygiene issues have been raised and the way people use wheelchairs should be reconsidered. As eyes tell more stories than anything, we can use them to detect symptoms of sickness and understand the hidden words in people's minds. Most current commercial wheelchairs will either need the user's arm or a manual remote, which still cannot solve the aforementioned concerns. The research aims to analyze and understand human behavior from the eyes - the windows to the soul, and to create a safer wheelchair concept in the future. The novelty of this research is to apply eye tracking techniques with psychological knowledge to understand the users’ thoughts, intentions, feelings and from that, translate the data into action to support the motion. Eye tracking is capturing and analyzing the eye movements with the camera that records the patterns and positions of 3 key parts of an eye: pupil, iris and sclera. Each component’s size can shrink or expand according to the level of emotion, alertness, attentiveness and focus. Once we understand the patterns and their meanings, a deep neural network model will collect different classified samples and start learning to produce output for different variations. This outcome can further help us control the embedded system to automatically drive the motor without human interference and execute additional functions like warning messages when a sleepy condition or a patient's critical health condition is detected. Consequently, flexibility in movement can be achieved and additional assistance from helpers is no longer required. Hence, the article has depicted a way to effectively support disabled individuals without a need for additional cost, tools and ensure the performance simultaneously.

In forensic investigation, analysis of gunshot residues (GSRs) is basically performed for firing distance estimation at a crime scene. Thus, simple tools are needed for the onsite GSR analysis. This work presents two analytical methods for estimation of firing distance from the GSR on cloth targets. Four different types of the fabrics, namely twill weave denim cotton-polyester (80/20), jersey knitting 100% cotton, plain weave cotton-polyester (80/20) and plain weave cotton-polyester (60/40), were utilized. The firing tests were carried out using these white fabrics as targets at distances of 5 to 100 cm, respectively. In the first method, digital images of the black GSRs on the targets were recorded inside a controlled-light box and the gray intensity values were plotted against the firing distances. As the plots of all fabrics are not significantly different, the same exponential curve can be used for all test fabrics in the estimation of firing distance. Although simple, the imaging method works well only on light colored fabric targets. A chemical-based method was therefore developed as an alternative method. In the second method, a portable microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) was employed for detecting Pb(II) extracted from the GSRs. The μPAD method uses the measurement of the reaction-band length resulting from reaction between the rhodizonate reagent and the Pb(II) extract. The results suggested that separate estimation curve for denim material which is much thicker must be used. Both methods are suitable for short range firing distances, no further than 60 cm.

Background: The repetitive peak contact pressure and frictional stresses under bony prominences during gait cause callus formation, that is an initial stage of ulcer formation in a diabetic foot with neuropathy. Custom-made insole (CMI) is mostly used to offload the abnormal peak contact pressure. However, the effectiveness of CMI fabricated from different material combination is rarely discussed especially for diabetic foot with ulceration. Finite element analysis can provide an efficient evaluation of different insoles combination for diabetic foot with ulceration.
Objective: The aim of this study was to predict the peak plantar pressure at the ulcerated site and effectively offload with CMI in diabetic foot with ulceration.
Materials and Methods: A subject-specific 3D foot model was reconstructed with the flat insole and CMI. The top surface of tibia and fibula were fixed, and a displacement of 3mm was exerted from the ground along with the upward Achilles tendon force. The peak contact pressure was compared with the foot without insole from four regions of the foot.
Results: The peak contact pressure increased 75.39% with ulceration compared to without ulceration and without any insole at the medial forefoot. However, this peak contact pressure reduced 51.72% with flat insole compared to without any insole. The trend of reduction was 64.98% with CMI compared to the flat insole. Moreover, the material combinations to fabricate CMI changed the plantar pressure distribution in diabetic foot with ulceration.
Conclusion: CMI effectively reduced and redistribute abnormal peak plantar pressure in diabetic foot with ulceration. Diabetic foot ulceration can be prevented from further complication with selection of appropriate insole and material to offload abnormal peak plantar pressure. Further studies are required to compared different feet with different designs of CMI.

The Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the most severe economic disaster in the recent period since the world has confronted many pandemics, and has substantially altered the tourism and hospitality industry. Hotel business is among those most affected by the pandemic, especially luxury chain beach hotels, seen as one of the fastest growing type of hotels and until recently, popular among global tourists. New normal shifts the behavior of the guests demanding the service reposition to reduce an interaction between staff and guests. To revive the business, new normal services should be designed as per the needs of the guests, so that the hotels can provide memorable and impressive experiences. As a strategic challenge for hotel managers, this study aims to analyze the services currently undertaken by luxury chain beach hotels in Andaman Coast of Thailand in order to formulate new normal service experience model. The researcher adopted qualitative methodology using in-depth interview with 15 hotel managers of luxury chain beach hotels in Phuket, Phang-Nga, and Krabi on the side of Andaman Coast, where are considered as the popular beach destinations in Thailand and obviously attract both domestic and international tourists, , then analyzed into thematic content through the use of NVivo 12. The results have shown that new normal service design currently undertaken by luxury chain hotels in Andaman Coast of Thailand to create customer experience are Servicescape (S), Hygiene (H), Up-to-date information (U), Technology and innovation (T), and Staff awareness (S), which is hereby called “S-H-U-T-S Model”. The research contribution assists academics with variables to formulate a hotel strategy in other areas or contexts, while managerial contribution guidelines to help hotel managers to recuperate business when the effects of the pandemic lessen. Suggestions are also provided for future research.

Studying the exoplanetary atmospheres reveals chemical compositions of the atmosphere, including the existence of other life beyond Earth. It is well known that the atmosphere affects the livelihood of living things. This research studied the atmospheres of exoplanets discovered by transit technique. In this work, transmission spectroscopy technique, which studies exoplanetary atmosphere during their transits, is focused. When an exoplanet passes in front of its host star, the starlight dims. The magnitude of the reduction in starlight in each waveband depends on the chemical composition in its atmosphere. Nowadays, a number of exoplanets have been studied their atmospheres using this technique. However, the tools and methods of analyses might differ in each work, which might be result the difference results. Therefore, in this work, the 1,517 published transit light curves of 163 exoplanets are used to analyze their atmospheric composition using TransitFit and PLATON, python exoplanetary fitting model based on nested sampling algorithm. The light curves were used to to determine the physical properties and transit depth using TransitFit. There are 17 exoplanetary systems which can be analysed their atmospheric composition. Furthermore, the PLATON program was used to analyze the atmospheric composition of the exoplanets. Finally, Statistical study of atmospheric composition data of different types of exoplanets describes properties and the origin of the atmospheres of each type of exoplanets.

COVID-19 has severely impacted human life in the context of health, society, and economics. Governments in various countries tried to adopt different measures to decrease transmission. Thailand where faced multiple lockdowns lost a trillion dollars from tourism after the 80% drop of international tourists. The situation was likely to be better after Thai's government announced the plan to terminate quarantine rules for travellers from low-risk countries in the previous October. However, 2-months later, the plan was stopped leaving only ‘Phuket Sandbox’ after the new variant, Omicron, was founded in many countries across the world with the study that it has the highest transmission rate among all variants.

For more than two years, top-rated tourist cities in Thailand were harshly affected by the pandemic. The strategy to reopen the country again might be the last breath for entrepreneurs in this sector. The solution to the pandemic is to operate sustainable businesses while we are living with the coronavirus. Therefore, we proposed to develop two simulation models, agent-based modelling and system dynamics, in Phuket where they are still welcoming tourists without quarantine. The objective of the models is to assess and simulate the real-world effects by applying different scenarios in order to define and evaluate the impact of these situations in terms of transmission dynamic and economic value. The two models would be connected serving two different aspects with the use of Phuket-related data acquired from public open data and government agencies.

The outcome of the simulation will be beneficial for various stakeholders, for instance, policymakers, authorities, entrepreneurs, investors, and tourists. Other than that, this pilot project could be later applied in more provinces that have been planned to welcome tourists and bring back Thailand to be the best destination for tourism again.

Companies have been using various tools to enhance their brands, including advertising, public relations, or social media. While there are several studies on the influence of these tools on consumer behaviour, the research related to a museum and branding is limited.
For many decades, corporate museums have existed as business journey records and a source of company knowledge. Moreover, recent research found that company museums play a vital role as a brand enhancer. The museum's heritage linkage, corporate narrative, and visitor experience strengthen the brand's relationship with visitors. Consequently, the brand becomes a meaningful institution and gains deeper appreciation from the consumers.
This research extends the existing research by exploring how consumers' perception of brand authenticity is enhanced after visiting the corporate museum. The research adopts a qualitative case studies approach using the data from semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and archival documentation to thematically identify the museum attributes and experience, which influence the museum visitors' perception of brand authenticity. The study will compare the results from two different corporate museums-Jim Thompsons House Museum in Bangkok, Thailand and the World of Wedgwood, Stoke-on-Trent, UK. The former museum will represent the type of repository museum, while the latter will illustrate the type of strategic museum. These two museum categories are different in their functions, collections, and activities.
The study is expected to discover consumers' process of perceiving brand authenticity and whether/how the attributes of corporate museums influence their perceptions. The research finding will advance the theoretical understanding of corporate museums and brand authenticity concepts, showing the capacity of corporate museums and the construction of brand authenticity. Furthermore, the research provides managerial implications as brand managers will better understand the functions of the corporate museum. Then, they could manage the corporate museums more strategically.

This study investigates how makerspaces may serve as the cradle of many groundbreaking technologies at the early stages of development and subsequently become the foundation for numerous entrepreneurial businesses. Although makerspaces have increased rapidly and become a global phenomenon in recent years, little research has been done to understand the entrepreneurial activities driven by the maker's movement. Drawing on the view of innovation commons, the study explores how innovation resources in makerspaces affect individual makers’ entrepreneurial intentions and behaviors. Through a systematic review of user innovation and maker movement literature, we establish a four-dimensional typology of common-pool resources in the amateur innovators’ community: technology availability, community bonding, social connectedness, and psychological capital. The research model was empirically examined on the sample of 718 makers receiving from a questionnaire-based survey across multiple countries using both online and offline surveys. The results show that the common-pool resources in makerspaces could encourage grassroots innovators’ entrepreneurship through facilitating the amateur technology enthusiasts’ opportunity creation. Interestingly, the technology and social resources available in makerspaces do not influence the amateurs’ opportunity creation and entrepreneurship. In contrast, community bonding and psychological capital perceived by makers are pivotal to their entrepreneurial intentions. Through testing the moderated mediating model, our results imply that the three dimensions of the common-pool resources positively impact the amateur innovators’ opportunity creation and entrepreneurial intentions when startup incubation and entrepreneurial bricolage are at high levels. Besides, a multi-group analysis is also adopted to examine the differences between American and non-American makers’ perspectives. This study adds to the existing literature by offering a new perspective to understand amateur hobbyists’ entrepreneurship and how user innovation shapes the future industrial dynamics as well as impacts the producer-driven paradigm of technology development.

The significant challenge for overall water splitting is the development of an active electrocatalyst, that can exhibit highly stable and cost-effective, for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Transition chalcogenides TMCs were considered as the most promising material for electrocatalyst because of its adsorption property. Herein, the shaggy porous cobalt-selenide (Co-Se), one of TMCs, was directly grown on the synthesized carbon-based porous membrane as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting via electrodeposition method. The stability and active surface area were improved by using in-house fabricated carbon-based porous membrane (CPM) as a support material. A unique interconnected macropores CPM was prepared via cryogelation, freeze-drying, and subsequent carbonization. After studied optimum condition for electrodeposition method. The performances of HER and OER were performed in acidic (0.5 M H2SO4) and alkaline (1.0 M KOH) aqueous electrolytes, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, Co-Se exhibit stable and excellent activity for both HER and OER catalysis which have 119 mV and 301 mV for overpotential and Tafel slope of 80.1 mV/dec and 117 mV/dec, respectively. Lastly, overall water splitting the reaction requires the potentials only 2.12 V. Excellent stability with no current density decay was observed over a 23 h testing period. The low-cost and simplicity of membrane fabrication and catalyst synthesis could be extended to other metal dichalcogenides to develop new types of efficient water splitting electrocatalysts.

During my professional experience, white space is valuable equipment for designers to succeed in communication. However, white space's issues occur differently in different groups of people and different sociocultural context. White space can be a case study to unfold "Is there evidence that sociocultural context influences design"? "If sociocultural context influences the use of white space, how is it influenced in the different sociocultural contexts"? and comprehend the relationship between them.

This thesis used various methods: literature analysis, sample analysis, and interview. The literature analysis was conducted on User Experience (UX), User Interface (UI) and Interaction (IX) design, sociocultural, and related topics to explore what people have studied before. The samples were analysed with four sociocultural context dimensions, which are business dimension (context and offer), media design dimension (structure and purpose), language dimension (writing system), and communication cultures dimension (high and low context cultures). The sociocultural context dimension is adapted from the ideas of Stewart and Bennett, Geert Hofstede, and June K. McFee. Simultaneously, it is also developed along with the critiques of Callahan and Ampandu. The selected samples are six restaurants' websites consisting of three local restaurants' websites and three global restaurant's websites. The restaurant websites are chosen from Thailand, Japan, and Germany. The interviewees are UX/ UI and IX designers who work on both global and local projects.

In closing, the results from these three methods can be seen as evidence that sociocultural context influences or partly influences design. In contrast, it cannot certainly state that the sociocultural context influences design. This thesis only researches specific samples. Meanwhile, there are many sides to consider because the relations between people, sociocultural, and design are complex. This thesis can only indicate that there is a connection between sociocultural context and design.

Perception of the city is a theory about the identity and physical environment of a city, which varies across different cities. The perception and image of a city can also change across different events and times. A city with a strong identity and physical components can lead to clear perception and image of such a city. The social dimension can also shape different perceptions and images of a city; different generations with different ways of thinking, social perspectives, and ways of living can affect their perception of a city very differently.
As a center of economic activities, Bangkok’s Central Business District (CBD) has constantly been changing its physical environments in response to changing urban contexts and people’s lifestyles in a different times. The development of such physical features could lead to changes in perception of a district as well as of a city.
The objective of this study is to examine the perception and image of Bangkok’s CBD across different generations, using Structural Equation Model as a data analysis tool. In addition, mapping is another tool to illustrate the spatial distribution of perception and identity of the city across different generations. The results can be a guidance for city development strategies that could incorporate different generations in the future.

There is a lack of study of Extracellular vesicle-derived microRNAs (EV miRNAs) as biomarkers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NAFLD-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (NAFLD-HCC). In the present study, we investigated the EV miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for NAFLD and NAFLD-HCC by miRNA profiling using the NanoString miRNA Expression Assay in a discovery set and validating in an independent set of plasma samples by quantitative RT-PCR. Pre-treatment plasma samples of NAFLD and NAFLD-HCC along with healthy controls were collected to isolate EVs and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, western blot, and transmission electron microscopy. The expression profiles of EV miRNAs in the plasma of the patients with NAFLD and NAFLD-HCC to healthy controls were compared (n=9 per group). Differentially expressed miRNAs were observed from the discovery set, and the most significant upregulated miRNA in the NAFLD-HCC group compared with the other groups, miR-19b-3p, was identified. To examine the expression level of miR-19b-3p in the validation cohort, a total of 194 participants were preliminary enrolled. NAFLD patients were sub-group analyzed via Fibroscan for grading of steatosis using controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). S1-S2 NAFLD and S3 NAFLD were patients with CAP of 249-280 dB/m and 249-280 dB/m, respectively. miR-19b-3p from the plasma EVs showed significantly higher in NAFLD-HCC group (n=74) than S1-S2 NAFLD (n=37) (p=0.001), S3 NAFLD (n=39) (p=0.010), and healthy control group (n=44) (p<0.001). Our data demonstrated that the expression profiles of EV miRNAs of patients with NAFLD-HCC and NAFLD were different from the healthy control group. Indeed, EV miRNA miR-19b-3p might act as a biomarker for the diagnosis of NAFLD-HCC.

“Khom Ma Tao Lanterns” are hanging lanterns. It also has the form of a watermelon. “Ma Tao” means to "watermelon" in Nan Province language. This research aims to develop a learning kit to make Khom Ma Tao lanterns for travelers and promote activities at Ban Khom Kham Learning Center, Nan Province. The target group is general travelers who enjoy handicrafts. The research was divided into three phases: 1) Study problem condition and Khom Ma Tao lanterns through documents and interviews. 2) Create a kit of activities. 3) Experiment with the prototype activity kit that has been developed. The tools used include in-depth interviews, activity observation forms, and activity assessment forms. The results of the development learning kit are as follows: 1) There are two activities set. First, there's the "Nan Lantern Craft Set," which is a kit for putting together the lantern frames and attaching the paper that will be used to decorate the lantern. The second is the "Nan Lantern Decoration Set," which is a lantern-decorating kit. Which is less time-consuming. 2) The activity package includes materials from villagers, a knowledge sheet, an activity manual, and a website. Both sets of activities will be divided into two kits: a regular kit that will make one lantern, and a couple kit that will make two lanterns with the same colors and patterns. There are three stages to the process of doing activities: learning, doing, and sharing. 3) A diagram depicting the process of creating activities based on folk art. Describe the procedure for creating activities based on the results of the development. According to the assessment of experts and experts, this learning kit can be used to promote the learning activity of making a Khom Ma Tao Lantern at Ban Khom Kham Learning Center.

The seasonal heavy rainfall generates a flood in some agricultural plots. This phenomenon could modify the solubility of phosphorus (P), which is known for its low availability in soils. Furthermore, the risk of P loss in the environment would be expanded in high phosphorus soil. This study aims to evaluate the effect of waterlogged soil on the solubility of P in a high phosphorus soil of the Fraser Valley in British Columbia. The soils were incubated for four months with 11 sampling dates (0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 49, 63, 90, and 120 days after incubation), three soil moisture regimes (field capacity, water saturation, and waterlogged), and two iron levels (iron addition and no iron addition). The results demonstrated that the waterlogged soil significantly increased the reduction of ferric to ferrous iron after two months of incubation. In this waterlogged condition, the available P such as water-extractable P (Pw) and P in the water column was higher compared to the field capacity condition. This augmentation of soluble P was positively and significantly correlated to the degree of phosphate saturation (DPS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total carbon, C/N ratio, pH, Fe and As concentration in the water column, CO2 and CH4. However, the redox potential (Eh), the electrical conductivity (EC), the oxalate extractable Mn, and the Mehlich-3 extractable Al were negatively correlated with the soluble P. there was no difference significant for inorganic P forms between soil moisture regimes. Moreover, we observed an increase of soluble P, iron concentration, and manganese in the water column after 120 days of incubation. These suggest that the temporarily waterlogged soils increase the solubility of P, which is governed by the DPS, the reduction reaction, and the microbial activities through the emission of greenhouse gas.

Urbanization is one of the main drivers of global economic growth. More than half of the world’s population currently lives in urbanized areas, and many economic activities are now concentrated in urban areas. On the other hand, the patterns of crime are also linked to the patterns of urbanization. In many countries, crime occurs more frequently and concentrates in a city center. In addition, urban crime usually exhibits complexity and dynamics.
Bangkok is the capital and the primate city of Thailand. The number of crime reports in the city is also the highest. Urban safety is one of the critical concerns for the residents of Bangkok. Thus, more understandings of urban crime and security of Bangkok are needed to mitigate urban crime and improve the quality of life and socioeconomic development of the inhabitants and city.
This research aims to investigate the public perception of urban security. The perception bias of urban security is indicated by comparing the perception of safety and actual crime locations in an urban area in Bangkok using Thong Lor District as a study area. The relationship between urban structure and the spatial dimension of urban crime is analyzed using machine learning. The findings can be used as a guideline for urban security mapping and management.
Keywords: Perception bias, perception of crime, crime, urban security, machine learning, Bangkok

For decades, Disney has been infamous in its own way of telling fairytales by centering on traditional understandings of heroism that heavily emphasized uplifting masculine values through its male hero who journeys on his quest to save a distressed princess by fighting an evil. As a result of framing characters into conventional gender norms, it has long been producing a princess narrative that disempowers women through constant representations of helpless princesses: Snow White or Aurora, and horrible maternal figures: the evil stepmother or the evil witch queen. In contrast, it also serves as a means to highlight masculine superiority through a prince character and his masculine heroism.
However, in recent days, it is prominent to see that Disney has been deconstructing the heroism in the other way around by engaging with the ideologies of “feminist quest heroine”, a theoretical framework that revises the traditional quest narrative and heroism by filling in feminist elements. Through a feminist quest heroine, it is no longer the quest narrative that means to cherish masculine superiority but to subvert traditional myth of classic heroism and to challenge hegemonic masculine ideas of representing female characters. Consequently, it conveys the model of female heroism that stands against patriarchal oppression and revokes the perpetuation of male superiority.
The selected Disney films, Brave (2012), and Maleficent (2014), prove that the revision of heroism results in a new feminist princess, Merida, who subverts gender stereotypes of princesses and girlhood through her noncompliance of hegemonic femininity, an idea that seeks to weaken women. Furthermore, the feminist revision not only re-portrays the princess character but also the female villain who also subjects to another classification of patriarchal oppression that attempts to categorize powerful women into non-hegemonic feminine ideas.

Polyethylene (PE) is the most commonly used polymer for plastic production, causing an environmental problem nowadays. Bacteria play an important role in the biodegradation of PE, which could be a possible way to solve this problem. However, research into the biodegradation of HDPE, the linear form of PE, is less well studied than that of LDPE, the branch form. This study aims to isolate and identify bacteria capable of HDPE degradation from the soil by providing different HDPE powders as their carbon source (PE-01, PE-02, PE-03, PE-04 and PE-05). Seventeen isolates that grew in the cultures containing PE powder were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Four isolates are belonging to the genus Acinetobacter whereas thirteen isolates are a member of Pseudomonas genus. The isolates of Acinetobacter sp. were isolated from almost all PE culture but not from only PE-03 culture. For PE degradation analysis, the results from LC-MS showed that the pattern of substrates in all cultures changed over time which could cause by bacterial activity to degrade PE. GPC analysis showed an increase in the Mn and Mw of PE in PE-01, PE-04, PE-05 cultures. In addition, HDPE commercial bags were used to investigate the potential of bacteria in soil capable of PE biodegradation by growing in LB or M9 media. After seven days of incubation, the weight of the films inoculated with soil inoculum reduced approximately 1.6% in LB while there was no reduction in M9. The PE films incubated with soil inoculum showed a significant change on the surface such as cracking examined by SEM analysis. It is hoped that this research will contribute to the growing body of knowledge about HDPE-degrading bacteria and their ability to degrade HDPE in a short incubation time.

This research aims to study the relationship between stakeholder motivational factors versus the success of technology transfer initiatives in encouraging sustainable agriculture through the theoretical lens of industrial psychology. With the increasingly complexed issues faced by farmers due to climate change as well as the global emphasis on sustainability and carbon emissions reduction, policymakers along with agricultural extension services are working with farmers to encourage adoption of sustainable practices. However, there are limited successes as smallholder farmers are trapped in basic human physiological and safety needs (Figure 1).

This research argues that farmer’s other psychological needs including self-actualisation should be incorporated in achieving sustainable agriculture transformation and attempts to answer the following research question: How can farmers’ psychological needs be integrated with the processes of extension institutions encouraging adoption of sustainable technologies and operations?

Semi-structured interviews will be done with stakeholders in extension programs encouraging sustainable operations among rice farmers in Thailand. A process mapping of farmers’ operations, Force Field Analysis (Figure 2), as well as Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model (Figure 3) will be performed to understand the motivations under each farmer’s and extension service’s process stage. Expected findings include the typologies of farmer psychological needs for the adoption of agricultural innovations as well as new processes and performance indicators of extension institutions that address the psychological needs of farmers.

This research extends the industrial psychology literature into the area of process improvement within the context of sustainable food production. Within the broader literature of National/Agricultural Innovation Systems, while there are abundant research on operational improvement as well as on extension services, literature on and practical application of psychology in agriculture extension is still relatively scarce.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common nosocomial infections which the prevalence has increased continuously. C. difficile is a spore-forming anaerobic bacteria which able to cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Although many antibiotics are used to treat CDI, approximately 15-35% of CDI patients recur within two months. Therefore, discovering new alternative CDI treatments is attractive. Recently, some research found that Enterococcus faecalis probiotics, can be used to treat CDI, but the effect of their healthy metabolic products, postbiotics, has not been investigated until now. Thus, this study aimed to confirm the activity of E. faecalis's postbiotics against toxigenic C. difficile to find a new alternative treatment for CDI. Firstly, cell-free supernatant of two E. faecalis strains, PK 1301 and PK 1801, were lyophilized. The lyophilized supernatant (LCFS) was evaluated Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and observed morphology change of C. difficile after being treated with postbiotics by SEM. Subsequently, we used the postbiotics to evaluate anti-sporulation and anti-spore germination activities on C. difficile. LCFS showed ability in antimicrobial activity against C. difficile 630. MIC of LCFS 1301 was 250 mg/mL. whereas the MIC of LCFS 1801 was 41.67 ± 10.42 mg/mL. The morphology of C. difficile after being treated with LCFSs was shorter than the beginning and observed the damage on C. difficile cells. Interestingly, both postbiotics revealed anti-sporulation and anti-spore germination activities of toxigenic C. difficile dramatically compared to control. In summary, LCFS from E. faecalis significantly inhibit C. difficile growth. Able to inhibit sporulation and spore germination processes of C. difficile. Therefore, both LCFSs might be used as potential postbiotics to prevent and treat CDI.

Crime has been continuously changing and diversifying. It has traditionally to be dealt with up-to-date legislation based on scientific and technological revolutions. This includes a national DNA database to protect public safety where cases are complicated or unable to find perpetrators. DNA databanks have been set up in most developed countries, namely the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and the People's Republic of China. In Southeast Asian countries, there are national genetic databases in Singapore and Malaysia. However, there is no DNA center in Thailand to keep samples or profiles from convicted criminal offenders and biological material from crime scenes due to the conflicts between individual rights and public safety. Moreover, genetic and juridical or legal literacy of a forensic DNA database has not been firmly established in the public's acceptance. The Central Institute of Forensic Science (CIFS) is proposing the draft legal in DNA Databank Law that leads the way to establish the legal basis for creating a National DNA Database. Since the scope of the collected DNA and personal data are not only confined to suspects or convicted criminals, constitutional rights might have to be revised. This issue could provide lawmakers and enforcers an opportunity to explore and better understand the psychosocial elements that underpin public support for the DNA database that is only to be confined to suspects or convicted criminals.

An estimated 164 million people are migrant workers and they are often those with low-income who are subject to high risk of virus transmission due to environmental and occupational exposures. COVID-19 pandemic is reported to exacerbate existing vulnerabilities of these marginalized groups, and the lack of self-care can lead to spread of the virus. This study aims to shed light on how migrant low-income workers seek health information and how they deal with related challenges. The exploration extended to the existing barriers of seeking health information, strategies of overcoming the barriers during COVID-19. We also examines workers’ preferred information sources and types of content with the theoretical concept of health literacy to understand the development of health competencies. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study using semi structured interviews to study the experiences of the migrant Thai low-income workers in Taiwan. A total of 13 Thai migrant workers participated in the study, which 5 workers are undocumented workers. The interview data was analyzed with thematic analysis approach. The results showed that migrant workers developed distinct health information behaviors and improved various types of health competencies amid COVID-19 pandemic. Although the key barriers to health literacy remain, we found that participants seek health information more proactively and sophisticatedly to reduce their perceived risks. Improved health competencies is demonstrated by the enhanced ability to access, understand and interpret health information. However, there are still improvements to be made to support the ability of processing jargon information and applying local policy. This study acknowledges and addresses the needs of the vulnerable migrant workers in the society. Our findings would guide the authority and technological interventions to respond to their health information needs with appropriate tools to supporting migrants navigating the healthcare system in the host country.

Stockholm syndrome motif appears in several films from various genres, including the romance film, 365 dni (2020). The film uses the concept of the captor-captive bond that is prominent in Stockholm syndrome to establish the romance between the main protagonists. My interpretation is that the motif of Stockholm syndrome in this film works to conceal as well as reflect the imbalanced power dynamics between a male captor and a female captive under the patriarchal ideology. The imbalanced gender power dynamics between Massimo, the captor, and Laura, the film’s heroine, lie in the nature of their relationship since the beginning of the abduction. Massimo and Laura’s gender dynamics as male and female under the patriarchal ideology further lessen Laura’s agency in the power dynamics of their relationship. Hence, she is subjected to the intersecting oppressions as a female hostage under her hostage-taker’s male authority. Laura’s agency and power in the relationship are so limited that she has to negotiate her power and secure what remains of her agency by cooperating with Massimo to avoid any possible violence that might be inflicted upon her body, particularly on sexual aspects. To cope with the stress of the situation, Laura’s mind develops Stockholm syndrome, a psychological response that allows her to sympathise with Massimo, making it easier for her to cooperate with her kidnapper and enabling her to live with it. The condition is so romanticised in the film that her feelings become what can be perceived as “love”. Her “love” for Massimo is what justifies and romanticises their imbalanced relationship in the film. If Laura had not returned Massimo’s feelings, the movie would have been anything but a romance.

Carbapenemase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CP-PA) is one of are important causative of nosocomial infections and are associated with increase severity of the disease .The increasing carbapenem resistance of P. aeruginosa which have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and are used as last resort drugs for the treatment of infections may be mediated by transferable horizontal genes transfer. Rapid detection technique is important to provide early information for appropriate treatment. The aim of this study was to determine specific spectrum to differentiate carbapenemase producing P. aeruginosa (CPPA) from carbapenemase non-producing (CNPPA) and carbapenem susceptible P. aeruginosa (CSPA) by carbapenemase producing activity using a MALDI-TOF MS. Methods: A total of 162 clinical P. aeruginosa strains were composed of 81 carbapenems resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) and 81 CSPA isolates. All isolates were routinely identified into species level using biochemical tests and detect CRPA by imipenem and meropenem disk diffusion method. All CRPA isolates were investigated carbapenemase gene by PCR for blaIMP and blaVIM For the CPPA were detected by imipenem hydrolysis assay using MALDI-TOF MS. Results: The CP-PA 39 isolates produced different carbapenemase (IMP and VIM) peaks representing imipenem and degradation products were detected m/z 274, could discriminate between non CPPA were detected m/z 300 by MALDI-TOF MS as follows: 39 of 81 strains were CP-PA, 42 of 81 strains were non-CP-PA. There was a significant relationship between MALDI-TOF MS with PCR (P value < 0.001). The Kappa statistic was 0.877, was excellent agreement between the methods. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV 90.7%, 97.4%, 97.5% and 90.5% respectively. The MALDI-TOF MS assay was a quick and reliable method can be differentiation to CP-PA from non-CP-PA in routine microbiological diagnosis

Due to a surge in the number of female inmates in England and Wales and Thailand, there is a growing interest in the examination of the experiences of pregnant women and mothers of babies in prison mother and baby units (MBUs) within these jurisdictions. Nevertheless, a comparative approach discussing their experiences in England and Wales and Thailand in a cross-cultural context is still limited. Hence, this study attempts a comparative analysis of the experiences of these prisoners resulting from prison rules in England and Wales and Thailand. By putting on the sociology of imprisonment lens, this study seeks to find their similar and different experiences in MBUs regarding their admission, supports during pregnancy and childrearing, and emotions and relationships to advance understandings of their experiences. It adopts a narrative literature review as the principal research method and selects documents in English and Thai to capture the intricacies of several perspectives. The findings suggest that pregnant women and mothers of babies in MBUs in both jurisdictions share undesirable similar experiences in terms of inappropriate provisions of health, food and nutrition, and living arrangement and desirable similar experiences in terms of relationships they have with babies, prisoners, and prison officers. The findings also indicate that the experiences of these prisoners in England and Wales are different from those in Thailand in terms of admission. In England and Wales, these prisoners experience unpleasant conditions as they undergo assessment while entering MBUs due to limited places, resulting in rejection of applications, whereas these prisoners in Thailand are automictically admitted into MBUs since places are unlimited. The study concludes with reflections on the provision of appropriate supports for these prisoners in both jurisdictions to lessen their undesirable conditions so that they are properly heard, understood, and cared for during pregnancy and childrearing in prisons.

STEAM education is a learning management approach involving the integration of science, technology, engineering, the arts and mathematics. It lies at the heart of education, helping to develop learners and focusing on their ability to create a body of knowledge and to be able to apply the knowledge gained to develop their skills in problem-solving and help them participate in job creation. However, these things cannot happen spontaneously; they must be driven by teachers. The following was the research aims of this study: a) To determine the teachers’ perception, b) To determine the teachers’ practice, c) To examine the benefits and challenges, d) To analyse how the teachers’ use STEAM education in the classroom. The study was collected qualitative and quantitative data by questionnaires, which used closed-Ended questions and open-ended questions which investigate seven teachers from six primary and secondary schools located in England who had adopted and implemented the STEAM education concept as a means of teaching were selected as the sampling units of this study. As a result of the study, data obtained from questionnaires and structured interviews were analysed based on the participants’ demographics. The investigation of this study is aimed, among others, at determining teachers’ perceptions of STEAM education. Data on this were analysed for their perceptions and opinions on what STEAM education is. Data on the participants’ practices using STEAM education were analysed for their (1) integrated practices, (2) collaborative practices, (3) problem-solving practices, (4) practices concerning pedagogical content, and (5) their opinions on practices in STEAM lessons and their medium- or long-term plans for STEAM learning, frequency of STEAM learning, and STEAM education in general.

Background: The alteration of gut microbiota is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Nevertheless, the relationships between HIV/HCV-coinfection, gut dysbiosis and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyrate are not well-characterized.
Methods: Fecal sample specimens obtained from 25 healthy controls, 46 patients with HIV, and 24 patients with HIV/HCV-coinfection were examined. Gut microbiome profiles and butyrate level (butyryl-CoA:acetateCoA-transferase gene) were assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing and quantitative PCR, respectively.
Results: Our data showed that microbial alpha diversity (Chao1) and butyrate levels in the HIV and HIV/HCV groups were declined compared with healthy controls. Moreover, butyrate levels were significantly associated with the abundant of SCFAs-producing bacteria including Blautia (r=0.327, P=0.006), Roseburia (r=0.483, P<0.001), Lachinopira (r=0.325, P=0.006), and Eubacterium (r=0.390, P=0.001). The reduction in these bacteria was also correlated with elevated serum aminotransferase, severity of liver fibrosis (FIB-4, APRI and transient elastography) and declined mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Additionally, the level of fecal butyrate was negatively correlated with liver stiffness assessed by transient elastography (r=-0.248, P=0.047).
Conclusions: Decrease in fecal butyrate and the abundance of SCFAs-producing bacteria were correlated with the severity of liver fibrosis. These data suggest that gut dysbiosis and reduced SCFAs may involve in the pathogenesis of HIV and HIV/HCV infection.

Methylparaben (MP) is one of the most frequently used as preservatives in cosmetic products due to its antimicrobial properties, low toxicity, good stability, and low cost. Even though MP has low impact, a high amount of MP can be harmful to consumer health. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration limited the use of parabens in food is not more than 0.1 % wt and 0.01 - 0.3 % wt for cosmetics. Therefore, the detection of MP in food or cosmetics is important.
In this study, the electrochemical sensor for MP is developed based on the gold-carbon nanomaterial composites modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE). The activated carbon (AC) and graphene oxide (GO) were firstly used to modify on PGE surface, followed by the electrodeposited of gold nanoparticles on the carbon modified surfaces (denoted as AuNP@AC and AuNP@GO, respectively. The parameters affecting detection performances including the square wave voltammetry and modified electrode parameters were optimized to provide the highest response and repeatability. The modified electrodes with optimal parameters display enhanced electroactivity for the oxidation of MP without surface fouling effect compared to the unmodified PGE. Both AuNP@AC and AuNP@GO provided the same linearity in the range of 0.050 - 0.75 mM and 3.0 – 10.0 mM with 0.030 mM limit of detection for both modified electrodes. High repeatability and reproducibility were obtained with %RSD lower than 3.36 - 3.51 %. Over 40 times can be used for a prepared electrode with 80% remaining responses representing high stability. Finally, the developed method was applied to detect MP in 3 cosmetic samples. The real sample analysis showed good agreement results obtained from the high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector with acceptable percentage recoveries ranging from 90 – 102 %.

A porous composite adsorbent was developed for miniaturized sample preparation of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental waters. A porous composite adsorbent of iron–carboxylate metal-organic frameworks and hypercrosslinked polymer entrapped in gelatin cryogel and coated onto cellulose acetate fibers was fabricated and employed as the solid phase of an in-syringe solid-phase extraction. The adsorption materials can adsorb PAHs through π-π interaction and integrating them could strongly enhance the interaction. The adsorbent was placed into the needle hub and combined with a disposal syringe as an in-syringe extraction device. The porous composite absorbent was characterized, and extraction conditions were optimized to achieve the best extraction performance. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector was utilized to separate and quantify extracted PAHs. The developed analysis method provided a linear of 0.020–50 µg/L for phenanthrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene, 0.010–50 µg/L for pyrene, 0.0020–50 µg/L for benzo(a)anthracene and 0.0050–50 µg/L for benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, respectively. The limits of detection ranged from 2.0 to 20 ng/L. Satisfactory recoveries ranged 89 to 98% with RSDs below 7%. The fabricated composite adsorbent had good stability allowed efficient extraction recovery up to 21 cycles of use. This adsorbent also has potential to extract and determine other aromatic compounds from different matrices.

Literature on positive psychology has suggested that being around prosocial givers may have a positive psychological effect which drives one to become more pro-social. The aim of this research is, thus, to uncover whether prosocial behaviour is socially contagious beyond the effects of direct reciprocity and norm-conformation. This will be tested using an experiment: participants will be allocated to one of two teams and asked to play a series of dictator games. The interactions are then repeated with at least one of the three treatments assigned to them: the participant would know (1) the average giving rate for their team; (2) whether their partner is or is not in their team; (3) how much their current partner gave them in the previous round and how much they gave their partner.

The proportion of tokens the participant gives in a particular round will be regressed on the proportion of allocations the participant had received from their partner in an earlier round (X1), a dummy for knowing what their partner had given them earlier (X2), the average proportion other players in their teams give (X3), a dummy for knowing (X4), a categorical variable for whether the participant was told if their partner is in their team (X5), their stock of tokens (X6), an interaction term between X2 and X3 which controls for direct reciprocity, and an interaction term between X3, X4, and X5 which controls for the effect of social norms. The parameter we are most interested in is whether the coefficient on X3 is positive; if the average network giving rate has an influence on the amount the participant gives, above and beyond how wealthy the participant is, direct reciprocity, and social norms, which are controlled for, then we have evidence in favour of pro-social behaviour being contagious.

Water electrolysers produce oxygen and hydrogen, which could be used to store energy from intermittent sources in chemical bonds. However, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers require expensive materials (e.g. Pt catalyst and Ti porous transport layers) their high capital costs inhibiting their more widespread industrial deployment.
This research aims to address this problem by investigating and improving the performance of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyser through utilisation of cheaper materials e.g. nickel-based electrodes, and judicious micro-structuring of the latter. Inkjet 3D printing and electrodeposition methods were, for the first time, chosen for electrodes fabrication. In-situ investigation of the kinetics will be performed to comprehend the effect of two-phase flow, electrode catalyst and materials with the goal to decrease the capital costs and bring the its performance to match that of PEM electrolysers. Lower cost will enable countries such as Thailand to adopt the technology easier.
Nickel was chosen as a catalyst for its high conductivity and chemical stability. The process of inkjet 3D printing requires customizable ink to be made for printing of 3D microstructures, e.g. gradient or pillar structures while electrodeposition allows nickel to be deposited on an inexpensive porous material such as carbon cloth. Nickel will provide protection for carbon materials during operation.
Initial nickel electrode fabrication via electrodeposition was successfully done and tested within the AEM electrolyser, exhibiting current density of 78 mA cm-2 at 1.81 V. Preliminary printing of simple 3D structures also demonstrated that NiO ink deposits maintained their mechanical integrity, more complex structures will be further studied.
The kinetics of AEM electrolysers will be investigated by introducing an array of reference electrode probes into the reactor to measure single-side overpotential and resistor probes at different location to measure and map current density gradient.

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world with an estimated 2 billion cups consumed a day. The production and consumption of coffee require extensive raw materials, energy and water, whilst generating significant spent coffee grounds (SCGs) as waste. SCGs are favourable substrates in a bio-circular-green economy being high in oil and nutrition content. Several pathways exist for the valorisation of SCGs to produce biofuels including biodiesel and biogas. The sustainability of these valorisation options is yet to be assessed. This study quantifies and compares the environmental and economic sustainability of five of the most common valorisation routes following ISO 14040-44, including life cycle assessment and life cycle costing: i) fuel pelletizing; ii) transesterification and pyrolysis; iii) pyrolysis; iv) transesterification and fermentation; and v) anaerobic digestion. The scope is from cradle-to-gate and the functional unit is “treatment of 1 tonne of SCGs”. Results indicate that fuel pelletizing has the best performance with 19 net-negative (saving) environmental impacts. Pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion are second best with 18 net-negative impacts, followed by transesterification with pyrolysis with 13 net-negative impacts. Transesterification with fermentation results in the highest environmental impacts for 16 categories, including climate change, because it has the lowest credits from co-products. For economic sustainability, all options have net-negative costs signifying they are economically feasible. This study also applies Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to determine the best valorisation routes based on environmental and economic aspects. Pyrolysis is found to be the most sustainable route, followed by fuel pelletizing, transesterification with pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Transesterification with fermentation, conversely, is found to be the least sustainable option. These results will be of interest to coffee producers, policy makers, and other stakeholders looking to improve the sustainability of the coffee industry.

Air pollution has long been a significant problem environmentally, socially, and economically in many countries, especially in urban areas of developing economies. It is one of the global problems targeted in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aims to analyze the relationship between urban characteristics and the dynamic of air pollutions. The hypothesis of this study is that different types of land use affect levels of air pollution in a city. Fifty districts in Bangkok are selected as a study area. The characteristics of the city include population density, building density, land use, and heat island effect. The monthly air quality index (AQI) and other ambient air pollutants, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matters such as PM2.5 and PM10 from sensors around the city in 2011–2021, are used as the indicators of air quality at the district level. The interpolation model based on the Kriging approach in the ArcGIS program is used for spatial analysis of the air pollution data. Spatiotemporal regression is used as the primary model to investigate the relationship between air pollutants and the characteristics of urban areas in Bangkok. The findings will be applied to create a guideline for air pollution management and urban planning.

Recently, the technology of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been developed with expecting to compensate the batteries by converting mechanical energy into electricity. It also has brought numerous changes in the medical uses, especially in implantable/wearable technologies. The present study aims at the preparation of natural silk in form of silk fibroin (SF) film for possible applications as transparent TENG. Silk cocoon can be transformed into SF solution by Ajisawa’s method. Then, SF film was further fabricated by a simple casting process. The obtained SF film was analyzed by using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and UV-visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis). ATR-FTIR results demonstrated the N-H bonding, C=O bonding, and C-N bonding, confirming the Amino group in SF molecules. The SEM image shows the smooth surface morphology and the UV-Vis result shows highly transparent in the visible light. By fabricating devices in vertical contact separation mode, the present SF-TENG provides an output voltage and current of ~67.8 V and ~4.36 µA. The maximum power of ~123.4 µW was obtained at the load resistance of 7 MΩ. The electrical output performance generated from this SF-TENG has excellent performance for utilizing as a power source of small electronic devices.

In recent years, many firms have extremely developed strategies to survive their businesses during the pandemic. Strategy studies, especially the classic strategy research, provided useful analytical tools and techniques for helping entrepreneurs and managers to make a decision. Traditionally, strategy research mainly considers strategy as something organizations have. However, much less is known about how people in organizations do to accomplish strategy works. To date, strategizing research, as a different strategy perspective, has refocused strategy on people’s activities in day-to-day practice relating to strategy works. In other words, it approaches strategy from the perspective of process as activity concerning what and how people do in their work routines. Strategizing describes an ongoing process of creating, planning, and executing a firm’s strategy which comprises of the interrelations between three components; strategy praxis, strategy practice, and strategy practitioners. The systematic review suggested that the trinomial interconnections are associated with strategy performance. Research to date has not yet determined the three interconnections that affect the effectiveness of strategizing. Causal factors leading to the higher effectiveness of strategizing remain speculative. This conceptual paper aims to clarify systematically strategizing literature and propose propositions for future research on strategizing. The importance and originality of this study are that it explores the causal relationships between the three interaction effects and the higher effectiveness of strategizing. It is hoped that this research will contribute to new knowledge in strategy management foci of how to develop the effectiveness of strategizing which leads to greater organizational potential and sustainability.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly being applied in the field of maintenance repair and operation in many industries. The use of AM has been demonstrated to increase the reparability of production equipment. However, there is no research investigating whether AM has a bearing on the decision to repair or replace (R/R) production equipment. As AM is adopted it may become more complex for a company to determine the better option between repairing or acquiring new production equipment.
The study has reviewed the literature about R/R decision of production equipment to identify the decision-making factors. A conceptual model was created to be used during data gathering. Interviews have been conducted in two phases. The first phase interviewed fifteen managers with extensive experience in making R/R decision in automotive, electronics and food industries in Thailand. The managers validated the model, added sub-factors, and ranked the decision factors in terms of importance.
The second phase was interviews with fifteen AM specialists, manufacturers, and suppliers. The interviewees provided an assessment of AM on each of the R/R decision factors.
The AM criticality of each decision factor is quantified as the product of its importance and how significantly it is impacted by AM. The higher a factor’s criticality, the more important it is to take AM into account when making decision. The results indicate that capital budgeting, cost, and corporate business strategy are the highest AM critical factors. The lowest AM critical factors are social and political issues.
The contributions from the study are (1) a validated conceptual model of factors in the replace or repair decision, (2) the assessment of the impact of AM on the factors, and (3) the ranking of factors in terms of AM criticality.
Keywords: Additive Manufacturing, Production Equipment Repair/Replacement, Decision Making

Thailand needs to change its economic engine by focusing on research, development and innovation (RDI). A tangible indicator is that the R&D/GDP expenditure of the country must increase to 2% by 2037. The government attempts to encourage national R&D through collaboration between universities and industries, particularly small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs). Statistically, SMEs account for 99.7% of all businesses in Thailand but still make a relatively small contribution to GDP; this is due to the fact that SMEs have limited technological capabilities. As a result, the government has deployed a number of measures to support SMEs in technology and innovation. Nevertheless, while collaborative projects between universities and SMEs with government support have been reported to be successful, many of these projects are competent at the project level but have no impact on the economy. This study investigated a completed collaboration project between universities and SMEs under the support of the Innovation and Technology Assistance Programme between 2013 and 2019, during which time of 5,650 projects were completed. This is surprising given the fact that only 8.6% were able to have an economic impact. It is, therefore, an interesting question as to what determines the capability of successful SMEs at the project level of crating continued success at the corporate level or bringing about a continuous increase in R&D spending. In the first phase of the study, a systematic review of the literature will be conducted to identify the possible determinants that contribute to SMEs having an impact. It was found that several interesting factors produce good potential in the study. However, many factors are still controversial and have different effects in different contexts. Consequently, an extensive study of these factors in the case of Thailand will be conducted in the next phase.