Simple analytical methods for gunshot residue analysis in estimation of firing distance
In forensic investigation, analysis of gunshot residues (GSRs) is basically performed for firing distance estimation at a crime scene. Thus, simple tools are needed for the onsite GSR analysis. This work presents two analytical methods for estimation of firing distance from the GSR on cloth targets. Four different types of the fabrics, namely twill weave denim cotton-polyester (80/20), jersey knitting 100% cotton, plain weave cotton-polyester (80/20) and plain weave cotton-polyester (60/40), were utilized. The firing tests were carried out using these white fabrics as targets at distances of 5 to 100 cm, respectively. In the first method, digital images of the black GSRs on the targets were recorded inside a controlled-light box and the gray intensity values were plotted against the firing distances. As the plots of all fabrics are not significantly different, the same exponential curve can be used for all test fabrics in the estimation of firing distance. Although simple, the imaging method works well only on light colored fabric targets. A chemical-based method was therefore developed as an alternative method. In the second method, a portable microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) was employed for detecting Pb(II) extracted from the GSRs. The μPAD method uses the measurement of the reaction-band length resulting from reaction between the rhodizonate reagent and the Pb(II) extract. The results suggested that separate estimation curve for denim material which is much thicker must be used. Both methods are suitable for short range firing distances, no further than 60 cm.