BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//pretalx//pretalx.com//spathum24//speaker//LQGYTF BEGIN:VTIMEZONE TZID:Europe/Amsterdam BEGIN:DAYLIGHT DTSTART:20230927T000000 TZNAME:CEST TZOFFSETFROM:+0200 TZOFFSETTO:+0200 END:DAYLIGHT BEGIN:STANDARD DTSTART:20231029T030000 RDATE:20241027T030000 TZNAME:CET TZOFFSETFROM:+0200 TZOFFSETTO:+0100 END:STANDARD BEGIN:DAYLIGHT DTSTART:20240331T030000 RDATE:20250330T030000 TZNAME:CEST TZOFFSETFROM:+0100 TZOFFSETTO:+0200 END:DAYLIGHT END:VTIMEZONE BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Causes of ethnic segregation in a nineteenth century city: The cas e of Vyborg - Antti Härkönen DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Amsterdam:20240926T163000 DTEND;TZID=Europe/Amsterdam:20240926T170000 DTSTAMP:20260905T022032Z UID:pretalx-spathum24-YXKVMA@pretalx.com DESCRIPTION:Spatial differentiation of social groups within urban space is a classic theme of urban ecology and sociology. Segregation is a phenomen on that has major implications for social cohesion of societies and the we llbeing of individuals. Consequently\, many models of segregation and assi milation have been proposed\, both for the modern and the pre-industrial u rban societies. In this paper\, the spatial segregation of a minority in a n industrialising city is studied using empirical data concerning the Russ ian population of Vyborg in 1880. Socioeconomic segregation is also studie d\, but only as a possible cause of ethnic segregation.\n\nVyborg (Viipuri \, Viborg)\, originally a medieval trading post and stronghold founded by the Swedes\, was conquered by Russians in the Great Northern War. Under Sw edish rule\, the city had an elite that spoke Swedish and German and commo ners who spoke Finnish\, just like the peasants in the surrounding area. A fter the Russian conquest\, a large garrison was established. The military units also brought civilians with them\, not only families of soldiers an d other camp followers\, but also higher status persons\, such as retired officers or wealthier merchants and artisans. Russians remained a large an d distinctive minority in Vyborg until the upheavals during and after Worl d War One.\n\nThe spatial data are derived from historical maps and tax re cords. Digitised cadastral maps provide accurate location information. The religion of the inhabitants was recorded in the poll tax registers from 1 880 onward. Since every household is tied to a cadastral plot\, the densit y of populations can be tracked in high resolution\, unlike censuses. In V yborg\, the Orthodox denomination can be used as a proxy for Russian speak ers. The income level can be determined based on total income tax paid. Th is data is provided by municipal income tax records from 1880.\n\nSeveral hypotheses for explaining segregation are considered\, based on earlier re search: policies of segregation\, guild-based differentiation\, discrimina tion from above\, prejudice between groups\, income-based differentiation between groups\, differences in preferences\, and differences of housing-m arket information. The main drivers of spatial segregation seem to have be en the decrees enforced by both the Russian military administration and th e town’s civilian administration. At one time\, when the administrations intended to separate Finnish and Russian lower classes on separate suburb s on the opposite sides of the city. Many of the poorer inhabitants were a lso de facto driven out from within the walls after fires. There are still concentrations of the Russian minority in areas which were inhabited by R ussians in the eighteenth century. Segregation based on membership of guil ds was not significant based on previous research and distribution of mast ers. Most guilds in Vyborg were tiny\, only having a few masters and journ eymen as members. The remaining three potential causes of segregation\, na mely discrimination\, prejudice\, and differences in housing market inform ation cannot be studied with the data available.\n\nTo test the impact of income on the location of the Russians\, a spatial regression analysis is performed. The predicted variable is the proportion of the Russians in a l ocation (N=540)\, and the predictors are the natural logarithm of the aver age local income and distance to the nearest Orthodox church. The form of the model is a Bayesian multilevel linear regression model with spatial co rrelation between observations. The coefficients of the linear regression are different for each of the three areas of Vyborg. These are the western suburb\, the centre within the walls\, and the eastern suburbs. This mean s that the effects of predictors on Russian population density can vary. T here is also hyperparameter that acts as a restraint on the regression coe fficients of the areas. In other words\, the observations are partially po oled\, which combines the flexibility of treating areas as separate (unpoo led observations) with the robustness of using all observations (pooled ob servations).\nThe results indicate that neither the different preferences of Russians and others nor the income differences between areas explain th e distribution of Russians. The posterior distributions of regression coef ficients are relatively wide\, but they tend to be around zero. In other w ords\, predictors have little effect on the proportion of Russian populati on.\n\nAccording to the classic models of segregation\, segregation gradua lly diminishes due to social diffusion. However\, segregation-driving poli cy decisions of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were still v isible in the data from 1880. Interestingly\, while the segregation of Rus sians decreases during fin de siècle\, it begins increasing around 1900. One explanation for this may be the political battle between Finnish natio nalists and the Imperial regime\, which intensified after 1899. The disapp earance of old segregation patterns may be related to the changes in the b uild environment\, since the new concentrations of Russians were different than those in 19th century.\n\nTo conclude\, segregation in Vyborg cannot be explained by any single cause. The explanations behind segregation are most likely a complex system of causal links that are hard to untangle wi th empirical research. However\, the use of high-quality spatial data allo ws the rejection of overly simplistic explanations. LOCATION:MG2 01.10 URL:https://pretalx.com/spathum24/talk/YXKVMA/ END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR