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SUMMARY:The Mapping of Nürnberg in WWII: An Example of GIS-Based Analysis
  of Historical Urban Maps - Anastasia Bauch\, Carmen M. Enss\, Klaus Stein
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Amsterdam:20240927T103000
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DTSTAMP:20260816T132353Z
UID:pretalx-spathum24-YDXRLW@pretalx.com
DESCRIPTION:Historical urban studies frequently study the city as a palimp
 sest. This is a speaking\nmetaphor in the case of wartime destruction and 
 rebuilding. During the bombing and\nsubsequent rebuilding processes\, buil
 dings were damaged\, destroyed and partly rebuild.\nThe UrbanMetaMapping r
 esearch consortium examines war damage maps from the\nSecond World War and
  other thematic urban maps covering Central and Central Eastern\nEurope\, 
 investigating urban mapping as a cultural practice of transformation\, the
  social\nand spatial development\, and how heritage was mapped and histori
 cal consciousness\nformed.\nThe city of Nürnberg\, Germany\, was heavily 
 damaged in successive air raids during WWII.\nThis especially included the
  inner city with its many historically significant buildings. From\n1942 o
 nwards\, the Nürnberg administration concentrated its disaster control ef
 forts on\nthe historic centre. This is evidenced by a newly created cadast
 ral map\, covering the area\nof the walled city\, with a granularity that 
 identifies each building\, including side buildings.\nThis map served as a
  basis map for war damage maps from air raids as well as for\nthematic map
 s\, e.g. stated historic values (“Nürnberg” 2023).\nBy comparing writ
 ten sources and maps from the Nuremberg archives\, we study the\nprocesses
  of disaster prevention\, disaster relief and reconstruction directed by t
 he city\nadministration between 1942 and 1952. During this period\, Nürnb
 erg underwent a\ntransformation from a centre of National Socialism (“St
 adt der Reichsparteitage”) through\nthe Nuremberg Military Tribunals (19
 46–1949) to democratic regional centre. Throughout\nthis period\, the re
 gulations for demolition\, reconstruction and dismantling of damaged\nbuil
 dings organised by the city administration show considerable continuity\, 
 including the\nurban planning for reconstruction dating back to 1943. Unti
 l recently these complex and\nintertwined processes of planning\, rubble c
 learance and rebuilding against the\nbackground of political change have b
 een studied separately from each other.\nUsing traditional art historical 
 comparative methods\, we analysed the reconstruction\nstrategies for selec
 ted town squares\, streets and the urban landscapes in general and\nspecif
 ically the preservation of damaged historical buildings in particular (Ens
 s 2022\,\nKnauer 2023\, Knauer and Enss 2022). For a comprehensive study o
 f the walled city of\nNürnberg\, especially the investigation of traces o
 f the intertwined processes\, we now\nresort to a GIS-based approach. We a
 lso use this as a case study for the question of how\nGIS can support stud
 ies of historical maps and which methods are most promising.\nThe various 
 maps of air raids\, historical values\, reconstruction plans\, etc.\, supe
 rimposed\non the cadastral base map\, constitute a multi-layered paper dat
 abase\, that holds all kinds\nof thematic information\, but is tedious to 
 analyse manually\, especially in terms of cross-\ncomparison between maps.
  Georeferencing and vectorising the maps into a GIS database\nallows for a
 ttainable access and quantitative analysis\, from the temporal sequences o
 f\ndamage on one hand to the relationships between different thematic data
 \, such as the\ndeclared historic value of buildings.\nWith GIS we create 
 our own multi-thematic maps. The data from the different paper maps\nis at
 tributed to the geo-objects (buildings)\, which allows the selection and v
 isualisation of\ncomplex queries such as: show all buildings mapped as des
 troyed and as historically\nvaluable. Due to our exploratory approach\, vi
 sualising these cross-references between\ndifferent data points is crucial
 \, for our own research as well as for dissemination.\nAdditionally\, the 
 publication of maps created from GIS is possible without navigating the\nc
 omplex copyright situation of the original maps. A quantitative evaluation
  of these\nqueries\, e.g. how many buildings or what percentage of the tot
 al area have features X and\nY\, provides a tangible measure of these find
 ings.\nHaving all the data from the different maps combined allows us to c
 heck for internal\nconsistency: on the one hand we can check whether the d
 ata from successive maps are\ncoherent\, and on the other hand we can test
  for hidden interdependencies. In the\nNürnberg air raid maps\, we found 
 that buildings shown as destroyed on one map were\nshown as intact on a la
 ter map\, which is an example of internal inconsistency. Comparing\nthe de
 gree of destruction with additional information like the historical value 
 of a building\ncan reveal hidden biases.\nWe plan to integrate additional 
 data sources\, such as georeferenced statistical data from\nthe period\, a
 s well as results from GIS-based research at other scales (Ludwig and\nAlv
 anides 2023).\nGIS gives us a view of the data from the paper maps that wa
 s not easily accessible before\,\nas it allows us to reveal\, query\, and 
 visualise unexpected relationships. We therefore\nencourage the applicatio
 n of building level GIS to other historical city maps.\n\n## Bibliography\
 nEnss\, Carmen M. 2022. ‘Erbeprozesse Bei Den Aufbauplanungen Für Städ
 te in Den 1940er Jahren:\nSchadensaufnahmen\, Inventarisation\, Aufbau’.
  Forum Stadt 1: 51–62.\nLudwig\, Carol\, and Seraphim Alvanides. 2023. 
 ‘A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Urban Fabric of\nNuremberg From the 1
 940s Onwards Using Historical Maps’. Urban Planning 8 (1).\nhttps://doi.
 org/10.17645/up.v8i1.6084.\nKnauer\, Birgit. 2023. ‘Kapitel 7 . Definiti
 on Und Transformation von Erbe Im Rahmen Der\nWiederaufbauplanung’. In A
 tlas Kriegsschadenskarten Deutschland\, edited by Carmen M. Enss\nand Birg
 it Knauer\, 66–79. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035625011-008
 .\nKnauer\, Birgit\, and Carmen M Enss. 2022. ‘Wiederaufbauplanung und H
 eritage Making im\nkriegszerstörten Nürnberg. Historische Stadtkarten al
 s Quelle der Stadtforschung’. Moderne\nStadtgeschichte\, no. 1: 133–60
 .\n"Nürnberg" In Atlas Kriegsschadenskarten Deutschland: Stadtkartierung 
 und Heritage Making im\nWiederaufbau um 1945 edited by Carmen M. Enss and 
 Birgit Knauer\, 196-232. Berlin\, Boston:\nBirkhäuser\, 2023. https://doi
 .org/10.1515/9783035625011-016
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