BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//pretalx//pretalx.com//spathum24//speaker//V8X9RH BEGIN:VTIMEZONE TZID:CET BEGIN:STANDARD DTSTART:20001029T040000 RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=-1SU;BYMONTH=10 TZNAME:CET TZOFFSETFROM:+0200 TZOFFSETTO:+0100 END:STANDARD BEGIN:DAYLIGHT DTSTART:20000326T030000 RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=-1SU;BYMONTH=3 TZNAME:CEST TZOFFSETFROM:+0100 TZOFFSETTO:+0200 END:DAYLIGHT END:VTIMEZONE BEGIN:VEVENT UID:pretalx-spathum24-3JZP9M@pretalx.com DTSTART;TZID=CET:20240925T170000 DTEND;TZID=CET:20240925T173000 DESCRIPTION:The period of reconstruction after the Second World War is the period has a vast impact on the urban landscape of Germany today. Due to t he chaotic circumstances at the end of the war\, it is very difficult to c alculate the exact percentage of destruction for specific cities at the en d of the war (Hohn 1993). Architectural historians have studied the fate o f surviving historic buildings\, such as the Berlin Palace\, during and af ter the war. However\, little attention has been paid to the distribution of war damage in the urban area and the consideration of extensive destruc tion in urban planning. The main reason for this is the difficulty in obta ining reliable sources on the distribution of damage and its percentage. U rban damage maps are scattered in local archives and often follow local gu idelines for legends and damage categories (for a map collection see Enss and Knauer 2023). \nArchitects who were part of the Nazi regime prepared l arge parts of the reconstruction plans as early as 1943 (Durth and Gutscho w 1988). Specifically\, the Working Group for the Reconstruction Planning of Destroyed Cities formed a network of planners from different cities. Le ading figures such as Konstanty Gutschow focused more on technical ideas f or modernization than on the creation of representative urban spaces for H itler (Diefendorf 1985). Many of the plans from the network were pursued u nder this pretext after the war. \nIn the spring of 1944\, the Working Gro up commissioned damage mapping for war-damaged cities in the German Reich. This mapping campaign resulted in a collection of war damage maps for 43 cities\, standardised in scale\, map design and method of data collection. The map design divided the damage continuum into three groups of damage s hown on a map with red hatching: damage below 50% (no hatching)\, 50-70% o f damage\, and more than 70% of damage (see figure). Although these maps f rom 1944 do not show the maximum damage of 1945\, they formed the basis fo r planning by the working group. \nThe renewal and clearance work that beg an in 1943-44 and continued into the 1970s has often been described as a ' second destruction' of the cities. Planning historians studied reconstruct ion plans and related written documentation\, damage maps and statistics f rom the archives (Durth and Gutschow 1988). More recent research resulted in city reconstruction biographies for Hamburg\, Kassel and Nürnberg. Alt hough examples of surviving buildings demolished after the war are well kn own\, the extent of the phenomenon “second destruction” has not yet be en estimated. \nThe paper analyses whether the modernisation and regenerat ion plans of the members of the working group in the cities of Hamburg\, K assel and Nuremberg are related to the location and distribution of the de stroyed areas in these cities. An overlay of the 1944 damage maps and the urban reconstruction plans of the same period is a first possibility to es timate which parts of the surviving buildings the planners wanted to sacri fice to modernisation. \nFirst\, the 1944 damage maps for Hamburg\, Kassel and Nuremberg are digitised and georeferenced. Through historical researc h\, the maps have been linked to printed guidelines for damage mapping iss ued by the working group (reprinted in Enss and Knauer 2023\, 236-247). Th ese guidelines guide damage surveys according to criteria of stability of surviving structural elements such as roofs\, perimeter walls\, etc. Recon struction plans (1944-45) are selected form the city reconstruction biogra phies. They are scanned for comparison and superimposition. \nOne feature that is often described in terms of modernisation during post-war reconstr uction is the introduction of motor traffic arteries into the dense urban fabric (Diefendorf 1989). A visual comparison between damage and street la yout has been made for Nuremberg (Knauer and Enss 2022). New proposed traf fic arteries are mapped as a layer on top of the damage map in GIS. The pr oportion of the route of new arterials that passes through destroyed areas is compared to the total damage percentage of the building stock (for the calculation of a bomb damage index see Alvanides and Ludwig 2023). \nAnot her typical planning tool for modernisation is to plan the renewal of an e ntire neighbourhood. In some cases\, inner city neighbourhoods have been r edesigned from scratch\, requiring the demolition of the area. Such redeve lopment areas are mapped on top of the damage maps to check if these areas coincide with the "total" damage. \nThe correlation between the damage an d urban renewal plans is discussed qualitatively and\, where possible\, qu antitatively. Finally\, a comparison of aerial photographs taken by the Al lied Forces in the spring of 1945 will show the extent to which the damage situation changed by the end of the war.\nThe juxtaposition of war damage and planned bulldozing for modernisation helps to unravel the sequential and intertwined intentions and developments of destruction and reconstruct ion in cities during and after the Second World War.\nReferences\nLudwig\, Carol\, and Seraphim Alvanides. 2023. ‘A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of th e Urban Fabric of Nuremberg From the 1940s Onwards Using Historical Maps ’. Urban Planning 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v8i1.6084.\nDiefend orf\, Jeffry M. 1985. ‘Konstanty Gutschow and the Reconstruction of Hamb urg’. Central European History 18 (2): 143–69. https://doi.org/10.1017 /S0008938900016976.\n———. 1989. ‘Artery: Urban Reconstruction and Traffic Planning in Postwar Germany’. Journal of Urban History 15 (2): 1 31–58.\nDurth\, Werner\, and Niels Gutschow. 1988. Träume in Trümmern: Planungen Zum Wiederaufbau Zerstörter Städte Im Westen Deutschlands 194 0 - 1950. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Braunschweig: Vieweg.\nEnss\, Carmen M.\, and Bi rgit Knauer\, eds. 2023. Atlas Kriegsschadenskarten Deutschland: Stadtkart ierung Und Heritage Making Im Wiederaufbau Um 1945. Basel: Birkhäuser. ht tps://doi.org/10.1515/9783035625011.\nHohn\, Uta. 1991. Die Zerstörung De utscher Städte Im Zweiten Weltkrieg : Regionale Unterschiede in Der Bil anz Der Wohnungstotalschäden Und Folgen Des Luftkrieges Unter Bevölkerun gsgeographischem Aspekt. Dortmund: Vertrieb für Bau- und Planungsliteratu r.\nKnauer\, Birgit\, and Carmen M Enss. 2022. ‘Wiederaufbauplanung und Heritage Making im kriegszerstörten Nürnberg. Historische Stadtkarten al s Quelle der Stadtforschung’. Moderne Stadtgeschichte\, no. 1: 133–60. DTSTAMP:20260722T205858Z LOCATION:MG2 01.10 SUMMARY:How far did war damage in Germany’s cities in the 1940s affect th eir reconstruction plans? - Carmen M. Enss URL:https://pretalx.com/spathum24/talk/3JZP9M/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT UID:pretalx-spathum24-YDXRLW@pretalx.com DTSTART;TZID=CET:20240927T103000 DTEND;TZID=CET:20240927T110000 DESCRIPTION:Historical urban studies frequently study the city as a palimps est. This is a speaking\nmetaphor in the case of wartime destruction and r ebuilding. During the bombing and\nsubsequent rebuilding processes\, build ings were damaged\, destroyed and partly rebuild.\nThe UrbanMetaMapping re search consortium examines war damage maps from the\nSecond World War and other thematic urban maps covering Central and Central Eastern\nEurope\, i nvestigating urban mapping as a cultural practice of transformation\, the social\nand spatial development\, and how heritage was mapped and historic al consciousness\nformed.\nThe city of Nürnberg\, Germany\, was heavily d amaged in successive air raids during WWII.\nThis especially included the inner city with its many historically significant buildings. From\n1942 on wards\, the Nürnberg administration concentrated its disaster control eff orts on\nthe historic centre. This is evidenced by a newly created cadastr al map\, covering the area\nof the walled city\, with a granularity that i dentifies each building\, including side buildings.\nThis map served as a basis map for war damage maps from air raids as well as for\nthematic maps \, e.g. stated historic values (“Nürnberg” 2023).\nBy comparing writt en sources and maps from the Nuremberg archives\, we study the\nprocesses of disaster prevention\, disaster relief and reconstruction directed by th e city\nadministration between 1942 and 1952. During this period\, Nürnbe rg underwent a\ntransformation from a centre of National Socialism (“Sta dt der Reichsparteitage”) through\nthe Nuremberg Military Tribunals (194 6–1949) to democratic regional centre. Throughout\nthis period\, the reg ulations for demolition\, reconstruction and dismantling of damaged\nbuild ings organised by the city administration show considerable continuity\, i ncluding the\nurban planning for reconstruction dating back to 1943. Until recently these complex and\nintertwined processes of planning\, rubble cl earance and rebuilding against the\nbackground of political change have be en studied separately from each other.\nUsing traditional art historical c omparative methods\, we analysed the reconstruction\nstrategies for select ed town squares\, streets and the urban landscapes in general and\nspecifi cally the preservation of damaged historical buildings in particular (Enss 2022\,\nKnauer 2023\, Knauer and Enss 2022). For a comprehensive study of the walled city of\nNürnberg\, especially the investigation of traces of the intertwined processes\, we now\nresort to a GIS-based approach. We al so use this as a case study for the question of how\nGIS can support studi es of historical maps and which methods are most promising.\nThe various m aps of air raids\, historical values\, reconstruction plans\, etc.\, super imposed\non the cadastral base map\, constitute a multi-layered paper data base\, that holds all kinds\nof thematic information\, but is tedious to a nalyse manually\, especially in terms of cross-\ncomparison between maps. Georeferencing and vectorising the maps into a GIS database\nallows for at tainable access and quantitative analysis\, from the temporal sequences of \ndamage on one hand to the relationships between different thematic data\ , such as the\ndeclared historic value of buildings.\nWith GIS we create o ur own multi-thematic maps. The data from the different paper maps\nis att ributed to the geo-objects (buildings)\, which allows the selection and vi sualisation of\ncomplex queries such as: show all buildings mapped as dest royed and as historically\nvaluable. Due to our exploratory approach\, vis ualising these cross-references between\ndifferent data points is crucial\ , for our own research as well as for dissemination.\nAdditionally\, the p ublication of maps created from GIS is possible without navigating the\nco mplex copyright situation of the original maps. A quantitative evaluation of these\nqueries\, e.g. how many buildings or what percentage of the tota l area have features X and\nY\, provides a tangible measure of these findi ngs.\nHaving all the data from the different maps combined allows us to ch eck for internal\nconsistency: on the one hand we can check whether the da ta from successive maps are\ncoherent\, and on the other hand we can test for hidden interdependencies. In the\nNürnberg air raid maps\, we found t hat buildings shown as destroyed on one map were\nshown as intact on a lat er map\, which is an example of internal inconsistency. Comparing\nthe deg ree of destruction with additional information like the historical value o f a building\ncan reveal hidden biases.\nWe plan to integrate additional d ata sources\, such as georeferenced statistical data from\nthe period\, as well as results from GIS-based research at other scales (Ludwig and\nAlva nides 2023).\nGIS gives us a view of the data from the paper maps that was not easily accessible before\,\nas it allows us to reveal\, query\, and v isualise unexpected relationships. We therefore\nencourage the application of building level GIS to other historical city maps.\n\n## Bibliography\n Enss\, Carmen M. 2022. ‘Erbeprozesse Bei Den Aufbauplanungen Für Städt e in Den 1940er Jahren:\nSchadensaufnahmen\, Inventarisation\, Aufbau’. Forum Stadt 1: 51–62.\nLudwig\, Carol\, and Seraphim Alvanides. 2023. ‘A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Urban Fabric of\nNuremberg From the 1 940s Onwards Using Historical Maps’. Urban Planning 8 (1).\nhttps://doi. org/10.17645/up.v8i1.6084.\nKnauer\, Birgit. 2023. ‘Kapitel 7 . Definiti on Und Transformation von Erbe Im Rahmen Der\nWiederaufbauplanung’. In A tlas Kriegsschadenskarten Deutschland\, edited by Carmen M. Enss\nand Birg it Knauer\, 66–79. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035625011-008 .\nKnauer\, Birgit\, and Carmen M Enss. 2022. ‘Wiederaufbauplanung und H eritage Making im\nkriegszerstörten Nürnberg. Historische Stadtkarten al s Quelle der Stadtforschung’. Moderne\nStadtgeschichte\, no. 1: 133–60 .\n"Nürnberg" In Atlas Kriegsschadenskarten Deutschland: Stadtkartierung und Heritage Making im\nWiederaufbau um 1945 edited by Carmen M. Enss and Birgit Knauer\, 196-232. Berlin\, Boston:\nBirkhäuser\, 2023. https://doi .org/10.1515/9783035625011-016 DTSTAMP:20260722T205858Z LOCATION:MG1 00.04 Hörsaal SUMMARY:The Mapping of Nürnberg in WWII: An Example of GIS-Based Analysis of Historical Urban Maps - Anastasia Bauch\, Carmen M. Enss\, Klaus Stein URL:https://pretalx.com/spathum24/talk/YDXRLW/ END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR